Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Noli Me Tangere Cover Symbolism Essay

Major characters: * Juan Crisà ³stomo Ibarra y Magsalin – commonly referred to the novel as Ibarra or Crisà ³stomo, is the protagonist in the story. Son of a Filipino businessman, Don Rafael Ibarra, he studied in Europe for seven years. * Marà ­a Clara de los Santos y Alba – commonly referred to as Marà ­a Clara, is Ibarra’s fiancà ©e. She was raised by Capità ¡n Tiago, San Diego’s cabeza de barangay and is the most beautiful and widely celebrated girl in San Diego. * Don Santiago de los Santos – known by his nickname Tiago and political title Capità ¡n Tiago is a Filipino businessman and the cabeza de barangay or head of barangay of the town of San Diego. He is also the known father of Marà ­a Clara. * Doà ±a Victorina de los Reyes de Espadaà ±a – commonly known as Doà ±a Victorina, is an ambitious Filipina who classifies herself as a Spanish and mimics Spanish ladies by putting on heavy make-up. The novel narrates Doà ±a Victorina’s younge r days: she had lots of admirers, but she did not choose any of them because nobody was a Spaniard. Later on, she met and married Don Tiburcio de Espadaà ±a, an official of the customs bureau who is about ten years her junior. * Dà ¡maso Verdolagas – or Padre Dà ¡maso is a Franciscan friar and the former parish curate of San Diego. He is best known as a notorious character who speaks with harsh words and has been a cruel priest during his stay in the town. He is the real father of Marà ­a Clara and an enemy of Crisà ³stomo’s father, Rafael Ibarra. * Pilosopo Tasyo – is another major character in the story. Seeking for reforms from the government, he expresses his ideals in paper written in a cryptographic alphabet similar from hieroglyphs and Coptic figures hoping â€Å"that the future generations may be able to decipher it† and realized the abuse and oppression done by the conquerors. * Sisa – is the deranged mother of Basilio and Crispà ­n. Described as beautiful and young, although she loves her children very much, she can not protect them from the beatings of her husband, Pedro. * Crispà ­n – is Sisa’s 7-year-old son. An altar boy, he was unjustly accused of stealing money from the church. After failing to force Crispà ­n to return the money he allegedly stole, Father Salvà ­ and the head sacristan killed him. It is not directly stated that he was killed, but the dream of Basilio sugg ests that Crispà ­n died during his encounter with Padre Salvi and his minion. * Basilio – is Sisa’s 10-year-old son. An acolyte tasked to ring the church bells for the Angelus, he faced the dread of losing his younger brother and the descent of his mother into insanity. At the end of the novel, Elà ­as wished Basilio to bury him by burning in exchange of chest of gold located on his death Maria Clara = Leonor Rivera Ibarra & Elias = Rizal Tasio (the Sage) = Paciano Padre Salvi = Padre Antonio Piernavieja Capitan Tiago = Capitan Hilario Sunico of San Nicolas Dona Victorina = Dona Agustina Medel Basilio & Crispin = Crisostomo Brothers Padre Damaso = represents all typical friars of that time

Critical Lens Essay Quote Essay

Nicholas Cage once said that, â€Å"I like flawed characters because somewhere in them I see more of the truth.† This quotes means that characters are much more unrealistic when they are perfect. Characters with flaws give the reader a more accurate view of humanity because all people have flaws. The short story â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† by James Hurst and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allen Poe are two works of literature that support this quote. In both of these works, it is evident that the two main characters from both stories both have very tragic flaws. These make the story more interesting to read because after reading it reveals the true nature of mankind. â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† by James Hurst shows that the narrator of the story has tragic flaws and being embarrassed of his disabled brother so he teaches him to walk. This short story is about the narrator trying to teach his disabled brother Doodle to walk because he is embarrassed to be related to someone who cannot walk. The narrator eventually strains his brother to do more than walking. This short story supports the quote because the narrator is taking pride into training his little brother to walk because he is embarrassed to have a brother who can’t walk. The narrator pushes his brother into using his legs and walk. In the story it switches from person to person from person to self. The author’s use of Characterization and conflict help to set the mood of the story. These literary elements help set the mood of the story which makes it more interesting to read as well as showing we can get too much pride over something. In conclusion an imperfect narrator or one with tragic flaws makes the story more interesting to the reader. It also reveals truth that people do not think of the consequences of what they are doing. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allen Poe shows that the narrator of the story wants to finally get his revenge on a man who has pride in his wine. This short story is about a man who wants to seek revenge on his friend Fortunato because of his great pride in wine. This short story supports the quote â€Å"I like flawed characters because somewhere in them I see more of the truth.† Because the narrator of the story wants to seek revenge on a man  named Fortunato by using reverse psychology to get his drunk and then murdering him. Everything in the story was planned by the narrator. The author’s use of setting and suspense helped the reader feel like they were in the story as well as makes it more interesting and reveals the truth that all humans are all revengeful at some point. In conclusion the narrator of this story is imperfect which makes this story more interesting. In conclusion, the quote by Nicolas Cage â€Å" I like flawed characters because somewhere in them I see more of the truth.† means that characters are more realistic when they are not perfect. The titles â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† and â€Å"The cask of Amontillado† both support this idea. â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† supports this quote because the narrator of the story is embarrassed to be with his brother Doodle because he is unable to walk. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† also supports this quote because the narrator of the story is imperfect because he is using reverse psychology to kill the man named Fortunato. This issue can connect to the real world because not only are characters from stories imperfect but people are also imperfect and have many flaws which is what makes us human beings.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Ocean city and Clearwater beach Essay

One of the great things about summer is going to the beaches. Over the past ten years my family and I have had the pleasure of heading up to Ocean City Maryland on the eastern shore. The beach there is an excellent place for the family to get together and have fun. The sand at Ocean City is an off white color and warm to the touch and the water with its bluish green color feels cool on your skin. Ocean City has one of the largest boardwalks on the east coast with its many shops, stores, and restaurants it attracts families from all around the world. Ocean city also has a great amusement park for all the kids at heart and for all the true little people. However, At times it does tend to get a bit crowed but that’s half the fun of going to the beach the sights, sounds, the smells, and the many different types of people all enjoying themselves. A few years ago we did happen to change up a bit and headed down to Clearwater Florida for a short vacation the beach in Clearwater is also a very nice beach the sand there is a pure white color and feels so cool on your feet as you walk upon it, and the water is a very clean clear light blue, and very warm as you wad though it. You can even see your feet as small fish move around you Clearwater beach doesn’t have a boardwalk, but it does have the many restaurants and shops to visit. I did notice that Clearwater beach seems to be more geared to the young professional type people. There isn’t an amusement park for the kids and it didn’t seem like many families were there. The time that I spent there it never seemed to get crowded at all, but that was fine because it was relaxing and a nice change of pace. I would recommend both beaches to anyone that wants to get away for a good time, good people and a change of the norm.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Art - Essay Example It was hard to tell the reaction of others because all conversations were held to a whisper. The staff at the museum consists of a director and curators that specialize in their areas of expertise. In addition to the professional staff the museum hires college students trained to answer questions. While I viewed a great amount of exhibits at the museum, the exhibit that I was most drawn to was themed around impressionistic art about Italy form the 19th century. In addition to being highly artistic, the exhibit demonstrated an almost virtual experience of Italy. An added element of was that rather than being directly from Italian artists, the art was created by artists with an outside impression of Italy. In these regards, I believe the work that was presented had a more highly romanticized quality than it would had the artists been natively born in Italy. I contribute this to the fact that when individuals visit Italy they tend to visit tourist attractions and marvel at the scenery, rather than growing cynical at the historical nature of the country. The work I was most drawn to was Robert Duncanson’s A Dream of Italy. The painting was created in 1865 in Montreal after the artist visited Italy. The artist was the descendent of former slaves, and he had migrated to Cincinnati for a time where there was a vibrant art culture and only moved to Montreal to escape the racial strife brought on by the Civil War. The painting’s genre is a landscape work. The painting is Oil on canvas. It is symmetrical in that the mountain and tree protruding from the left of the landscape balance out the Italian villa picture on the right. The painting is well orchestrated in its depiction of an idealized Italian landscape. In great part Duncanson implements muted green and browns to illustrate the landscape in the foreground, while an ethereal blue depicts the distant scenery. The artist utilizes sharp line distinctions in creating a dynamic contrast between the fore-gr ounded scenery and the distant mountain background. In this respect, the artist is successful in creating a harmonious effect. The painting seems directly influenced by similar historical landscape works, and has been noted as having similar qualities to Albert Bierstadt’s Looking Down Yosemite Valley, California, which was created the same year. I was attracted to the work both by its vision of an idealized Italy, which I believe is its greatest artistic strength, and its overriding aesthetic mastery of landscape. From a contemporary perspective some individuals may criticize the painting as being somewhat mundane, as such landscapes have become cliche in the contemporary environment that has been inundated by graphic depictions. In this sense its aesthetic value as an entirely unique work of art is diminished, however its artistic mastery remains uncontested. Its ultimate cultural significance may be more closely aligned with Duncanson’s personal background as a desc endent of slaves who created the work in exile during the Civil War, than as a unique artistic object. In comparing this work to other works, one of the works from the course that most sticks out in my mind is Monet’s ‘Sunrise’. When considering Duncanson’s A Dream of Italy in regards to Monet’s work, I recognize there are a lot of similarities and differences. While both paintings consider the nature of an idealic scenery the way they express this imagery through artistic measures is strikingly different. In Duncanson’

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Does Religion Cause War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Does Religion Cause War - Research Paper Example Even though America was highly secular until recent times, it changed its secular face after 9/11 World Trade Center attack by Al Qaida. Christianity is slowly taking control of American politics now and the rise of the concept of Christian Right is clearly underlines above belief. The ongoing war on terror in Afghanistan and Iraq are motivated culturally rather than politically which is evident from the words of American political leaders itself. In Palestine - Israeli conflict also, religion plays an important role. The conflicts between India and Pakistan also believed to be the clashes between Hindus and Muslims. In short, the involvement of religion in many of the ongoing wars is evident to everybody now. Even though political and religious leaders deny such religious involvement in wars, nobody can deny the fact that wars between similar communities are not occurring whereas wars between different communities or religion are going on now. This paper explores the extent of relig ious involvement in some of the ongoing wars.The importance of religion in human life cannot be denied under any circumstances because of the huge contributions it provided to the development of human life in different periods of time in the past. In fact religion is the only entity which forces the people to maintain certain morality and ethics in life. While science and technology stressed the importance of human life in this world, religions give more emphasize to the life after death. Majority of the religions describe our earthly life as only a temporary assignment. Moreover religions ask its believers to lead a peaceful and sin free life in this world to achieve permanent or eternal life after death. In short, religions were perceived as the symbols of peace and harmony in the past. However, the scenario has changed a lot in the recent past. â€Å"Since September 11, 2001, there has been a revival of the discussion of the just war theory by theologians, as well as political t heorists, social philosophers, and the like†(Ali, 2009, p.241). Many of the current sociologists, philosophers, politicians and psychologists are of the view that the major reason behind recent wars was cultural rather than political or economic. According to the prominent American political scientist of the modern era, Samuel Hutington, â€Å"the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic. The great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict are cultural. The clash of civilizations is dominating current global politics† (Hutington,1993, p.22). In short, the involvement of religions in politics is causing major problems like wars, according to many scholars. III. Literature Review: a. The role of Christianity in causing wars According to Kyle (2007), American secularism is undergoing drastic changes in recent times. Many of the theologians and other religious leaders are of the view that America was established on Christian principles and that it is a Christian nation with a special mission. However, the concept of a Christian America has been hijacked by the secularists and feminists in recent times (Kyle, 2007). According to Ray Moore, president of Exodus Mandate, a South Carolina-based group which organizes home-schooling for Christian children, â€Å"

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 61

Leadership - Essay Example His replacement of Ryan Graves as CEO was effective, as he has been considered to have a Steve Jobs mentality. Travis has been brash and resolute in overcoming challenges from local and federal regulators as well as established firms in the cab business that has propelled UBER to current success depicting the impact of leadership and management in the success of an organization. Having analysed importance of management in the success of UBER, fall of AERO depicts that lack of a management and leadership that is congruent with the needs of an organization results in its fall. The lack of leadership insight at AERO for changes in consumer needs, lack of innovation to meet consumer preferences and needs, and the inability of management and the leadership to anticipate changes in market conditions led to its fall. The fall of AERO is mainly due to the inability of the management to provide focus and depth in managerial decision-making and direction of the company in a dynamic business environment. Leadership in a company play a critical role in ensuring a company overcomes market challenges and provide a clear goal for the employees and lack of these leadership qualities at AERO resulted in its

Friday, July 26, 2019

Eco-tourism in New Zealand Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Eco-tourism in New Zealand - Research Paper Example This requires communicating the restrictions without discouraging the audience. This enhances the importance of the right marketing communications mix which includes using technology to convey the customer feedback and collaborating with the government agencies. The industry is thriving and there is scope for new entrants to an emphasis on personal selling would help Dolphin Explorers to expand its reach. The nature of tourism has changed in recent times as new markets and new kinds of tourism have emerged (Herbig & O'Hara, 1997). Ecotourism has emerged among these as the fastest growing segment within the travel and tourism industry. Ecotourism involves travel to experience natural environments or settings. The demand for eco-tourism increased as customers shifted from mass tourism enriching and individualistic experiences (Diamintis & Ladkin, 1999). It has been defined as "responsible travel which conserves the natural environment and sustains the wellbeing of local people" (Herbig & O'Hara, 1997). It is a segment of the travel that appeals to the environmentally conscious and has a low impact on the surrounding area while contributing to the local economy. Nevertheless, the reality is quite different and New Zealand has particularly experienced social, cultural and economic impact. The inbound ecotourism market in New Zealand has experienced overall growth and ecotourism in NZ focuses on marine environments, particularly marine mammals, botanical, geological and ornithological resources (Higham & Carr, 2003). Wildlife tourism too also forms a significant element in ecotourism and involves seabirds, marine mammals and native avifauna. The growth and proliferation of eco tourism operations has created difficulties for this sector in NZ. Ecotourism can deprive the local people of the resources that they have been using (Herbig & O'Hara, 1997). Besides, once the local economies become dependent on eco-tourism, any downturn in tourism impacts their stability. Ecotourism can result in the commercialization of the culture. On the social side ecotourism, with higher disposable incomes in the hands of the local people can give rise to alcohol-related disturbances. Thus, for eco-tourism companies promoting tourism and sustaining the company poses a great challenge. Â  

Thursday, July 25, 2019

CJUS 410 DB1 Replies DB3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CJUS 410 DB1 Replies DB3 - Essay Example However, he had no chance to make any comment on the allegations against him considering he was the victim of the day. Without any testimonies from witness, passing of judgment took place whereby unanimously majority agreed his actions qualified him to die through crucifying. Just like in Jesus’ case, the woman did not have a chance to explain herself despite holding onto solid proof regarding the former husband trailing her, hence prompting the victim fear her life but little in ensuring safety took place. Non-testimonial evidence, apart from playing an important and dramatic role especially in advocate cases, I think it also quite a probative when it comes to the value of evidence. The only issues that makes non-testimonial evidence complex is because it requires more than probative value to convince the jury that the case is worth pursuing (â€Å"NLRG†). It is because of this reason I believe the woman in question people failed to take him seriously even after providing photographs and texts stating that her former husband was still on her trail. NLRG. Persuasion at Trial: Nontestimonial Evidence. 2014. Web. 21 April 2014.

Article Summary Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Summary - Article Example The article is a description of the way in which infants react to feeling and conditions. In an argument by Bartolotti (2009) children tend to be sensitive when exposed to situations they have no psychological strength to handle. Additionally, the article embraces the fact that children ted to behave according to the environment they are raised in. parents enable children to perceive the environment depending on the way they are raised (Bartolotti, 2009). Depending on early childhood environment of a child, a child develops different ways in which they relate to the environment around them. In addition, the article explains the assumption that the psychological development of a child is determined by the development of their age. At a mild age, a child is easily offended by the easiest of provocations. With time this notion changes (Bartolotti, 2009). The basic creation of the article is based on the fact for a child to develop it require more than parental care. With parent education, parents are enabled to understand the psychological approach to handling children in regards to their age. In an argument by Bartolotti (2009) a child displays specific behaviors depending on their age. Parent education enlightens a parent on such specification as it aims at increasing the relation between the parent and the child. Understanding a child as more than just a sibling is important to their growth due to the fact that the child perception and needs would be effectively catered for. In an argument by Bartolotti (2009) the temperament of a child displays significantly the direction of a child behavior. The author further points out that understanding this factor of a child and the stages of the factor it becomes easier to address the issues of the child and understand the display of behavior by the child. An adult can clearly understand t his behavior by accessing parent

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Morals and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Morals and Ethics - Essay Example Understanding the ways in which ethics and morals may conflict and converge and, how actions may be judged as moral but not ethical, and vice-versa, it is important to define these two concepts. According to the Webster dictionary, the term ethics refers to a set of moral principles whose application allow for the differentiation between right and wrong. On the basis of this definition, it would seem that ethics and morals are inseparable, whereby that which is ethical is, by definition, also moral. This is not true. Once again referring to the Webster dictionary, one finds that moral systems tend to be universal while ethical principles tend to be specific. That is, while morals refer to universal understandings of right and wrong, good and bad, ethics refer to particular understandings, which derive from professional or cultural codes of conduct, among others. Therefore, even though the concepts of ethics and morals are interrelated, they are ultimately distinct. On the basis of the definitions resented, it is evident that the colonial officer's actions were ethical but they were not moral. Within the bounds of his professional duties and his responsibility to protect the Burmese, his shooting of the elephant was an ethical act. The elephant, who suffered an "attack of must" (Orwell, para. 6), had wreaked havoc upon the market and the hut dwellers, not to mention the fact that it had stomped upon an old man and killed him by partially burying him, head down, in the mud. The elephant had proved himself dangerous and his owner, the only person who could control him, was not in the vicinity. Given the officer's profession and its associate responsibilities and duties, shooting and killing the elephant was ethical insofar as it meant terminating the danger which this beast represented to the defenseless. While it may have been an ethical act, the shooting of the elephant was not a moral one. There are several reasons why his action was immoral. In the first place, the officer did not shoot the beast because he represented a danger at that time but, because the crowd expected him to. In the second place, the shooting was not inspired by a sense of professional responsibility towards the safety and the welfare of the villagers but by the desire not to be laughed at. In the third place, the officer shot the elephant even though his moral instincts told him that this was wrong. Consequently, in acting as he did, Orwell's colonial officer did not just disregard his own moral judgment but his actions were not motivated by any sense of professional ethics or notion of responsibility towards the villagers. Indeed, he even expressed happiness/satisfaction that the elephant had killed a coolie so that his shooting of the elephant may be morally and ethically justifiable. It is on this basis th at his actions must ultimately be judged as immoral even though they are seemingly consistent with his professional ethics. The doctor, or medical resident's actions are a complete reversal of those of Orwell's officer as they comply with morality but not with professional ethics. The doctor was, to all intents and purposes, trapped in a situation wherein morals and ethics collided. On the one hand, he was confronted with an injured man who, if he did not try to

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Stragic Staffing Handbook Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Stragic Staffing Handbook - Research Paper Example ave policies 28 Communication processes 28 Employment termination process 28 Leaving procedures 28 Disciplinary procedures 28 Introduction to Strategic Staffing Strategic staffing is mandatory for every organization as they need to develop effective mechanisms in the organizations to ensure that the number of employees employed is proper (Abraham, 2007). The organizations need to ensure that appropriate staffing requirements are in place so that they have an idea about the direction in which the organization should move ahead. According to Naris and Ukpere (2010) and Noe et al. (2006), it is important strategic staffing handbook takes account of all the important rules and policies so that employees have an idea about the working environment of the organization. The strategic staffing handbook must be developed in consensus with the top management so that they are willing to contribute to the organization’s performance (Millmore et al., 2007). All the organizations need to ens ure that proper policies and guidelines are provided so that the organization’s performance can be judged and it can easily take into account of any problems that might occur in future (Naris and Ukpere, 2009). According to Holland et al. (2007), the primary aims of the strategic staffing handbook are: 1. Job Analysis: Provide description of the number of employees required alongwith the capabilities of the employees to perform the tasks. It will provide details about the way it should be done. 2. Postings: The ways in which posting will be done alongwith the process of doing the recruitment. 3. Recruitment and Selection Process: Identify the current and forecasted level of employees and ensure that the employees are retained in the organization. Describe the application process and final selection details alongwith interview. 4. Post-assessment strategies: The Company will provide guidelines about the way in which the employees will be motivated to work in the organization a nd will retain as well. Brief Description about the company The industry that our company has decided to enter is fast food industry and the range of products that will be offered will constitute of all kinds of fast food items. The test marketing of the products has been successful and the marketing activities will be designed to create product and brand awareness as well as grow customer base. Our company is medium sized in structure and it is important that we do proper planning for the set up of our organization. The company â€Å"Food Mania† has its own market and currently, there are few competitors that are making fresh and customized products. Our company is mainly targeting

Monday, July 22, 2019

Locke vs Hobbes Essay Example for Free

Locke vs Hobbes Essay Locke believed that, â€Å"human behavior came from thought which was learned and subject to the influence of reason and observation.† Locke’s main ideas were positive to the human race. He also states that humans know right from wrong, and they are intelligent enough to solve the problems in front of them and realizing what is lawful and unlawful. Locke believed, â€Å"God created man and we were, in effect, God’s property.† John Locke believes that a government should be some form of a social contract, were the people who were being ruled, had some say in the laws. According to him, men are born with the three freedoms of life, liberty, and property. A government is there to protect those rights and improve the state of nature for each individual. An illegitimate government is one who fails to protect these rights, is ruled by a supreme ruler, and does not listen to what the people who are actually being governed have to say. To make a government equal and sufficient for the human race, ideas need to be taken from all kinds of people and applied to the rights each person enjoys every day. Locke believes that an absolute ruler can be over-thrown by the people if the choices they are making neglect the many things people enjoy. Many monarch powers were arising through Europe during this time period, and John Locke was creating the ideas and reasons to downplay the power of these rulers. On the other hand, Thomas Hobbes believed that humans were naturally evil. He thought the only way to control these naturally wicked people were to hold them under a strong government. Hobbes believed in Leviathans that are powerful sea monsters, which can equally resemble the amount of power a ruler, had during this time. Thomas Hobbes fully agreed with the idea of this ruler-centered government. By giving their rights to a supreme power, individuals were believed to gain law and order. This law and order will protect the individuals’ security and benefit their empire or region as a whole. The best government was one â€Å"which could impose order and demand obedience.† So in Thomas Hobbes view, to be a successful individual you need to hand your rights to that supreme ruler of your region and be granted with the simple laws which will govern you through your life.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Communication Strategy Employed By Pop Artist Rihanna Film Studies Essay

Communication Strategy Employed By Pop Artist Rihanna Film Studies Essay In this essay, I will be analyzing how Rihanna has used the media to communicate or portray her different messages through her music. On the other hand, however, there is the media that has its own version of those messages thus, constructing different realities for the perceiving audience. The Media provides information and updates on various happenings and issues on all aspects to the public thus providing them basic knowledge and information to enable them make their own judgments and perceptions such as, social perceptions (Sadaf, 2011). Sadaf (2011) explains social perception as the means in which we make sense of our social world through media representations as it plays an important role in making some issues important and some issues important. I will then discuss Rihannas communication strategy to her audience through her music as well as persona using the narrative theory through communication as a structure. In reality, there is no RIHANNA. Her real name is Robyn Rihanna Fenty. Rihanna is a concept adopted by the music industry to sell music as Wall (2003;153) says, Stars are a form of capital in which a record company invests significant sums of money to gain publicity and reinforce an image they believe will in turn will generate greater sales of that stars records. The stars image however is not real. It is a representation of wider social values and a constructed set of individualness where the audience feels it knows the stars personality but in truth, this image is just a media text. How authentic a star may feel to its audience depends on success of the construction of the stars persona around the different facets of their personality (Wall, 2003; 153). Robyn Rihanna Fenty dropped two of her names and only took on Rihanna because it not only sounds exotic but also there was no Rihanna in the music business. That accorded her authenticity as an artist because when her name was mentioned, people would immediately know which Rihanna it was. Rihanna has thus been able to communicate messages of authenticness through the way she sings dresses and acts while in the public. This is a way for her to tell the public about herself and how her music is supposed to be understood.( Machin,2010;32) This she does through her choice of album names and sleeves from which the audience can make a guess at what she will sound like. Machin (2010; 34) also says that the images used on the album sleeves help communicate certain discourses, values, identities and so on. The chosen typefaces used for the artists name on the sleeve also communicate ideas and attitudes. In my observation, Rihannas public persona and her album sleeves contribute towards her authenticness as a musician but at the same communicating varying messages. Dyer (1987 cited in Tolson 2001) defined authenticity or the act of being yourself as a concept derived from the ideology of individualism where individuals are said to possess an inner irreducible essence. A true self behind whatever public face, or mask they may project. Rihannas authenticness can best be seen in an interview with Oprah on the Oprah Winfrey Show where the viewing audience was teased with a Rihnaana as youve never seen her before opening line. In this interview, Rihanna talks about her life and her relationship with Chris brown. Oprah succeeds in making her cry which is the epitome of the show as through Rihannas tears, the audience is able to feel her emotion. Tim Wall (2003;153) says the audience is made to feel like it knows the stars as individuals but that this experience is mediated through interviews, records, photos but the knowledge obtained about the stars is a product of carefully executed campaign plans all so to encourage the audience buy the stars records and an array of assorted merchandise. However, in the real world, there is no actual audience as they are mere constructions. An audience exists when a certain role has been played out that identifies with certain people who in turn become the audience. (Mafalda 2012) In the interview with Oprah Winfrey, Rihanna played the role of the victim by both the relationship with Chris Brown and in the media. However, the interesting part about the interview was how she turned the story around depicting Chris as troubled and in need of help. While the media had showed her as the victim, she called Chris the victim constructing a different reality for the audience from the one made by the media. Rihanna was able to expand her audience after her publicized domestic violence case with then boyfriend, Chris Brown. The issue was extensively covered by the media in which she was depicted as a vulnerable woman while Chris Brown as a beast. In turn, she used this to earn her more sympathizers and therefore generating a larger audience as she was now looked as a beacon of hope for domestically violated women while Chris Brown lost a few of his own audience as he was now labeled a woman beater. Celebity and scandal are closely linked where scandal is supposed to increase the celebrity quotient of the star. The scandal isnt just about the celebritys life alone but of events that accord them iconicity and notoriety (Nayar, ;113). Rihannas biggest scandal is her involvement with ex boyfriend Chris brown even though he beat her up early in the relationship and not even the fact that he has a girlfriend. Rihanna stirs controversy in her communication through her openness about sex. Wall (2003) suggests that Sexuality and the representation of gender and sexual preference play significant roles in the music and image of individual artists. Rihanna has featured numerous times in mens adult magazines such as GQ and Esquire, also singing a lot about sexual tendencies in songs such as Te Amo in which she plays out a l esbian scene and SM. SM refers to Sadism (S) and Masochism (M) defined by Weinberg (1987) as the frame with which people distinguish their pretend play from actual violence or domination; this frame hinges on the BDSM credo, safe, sane, and consensual. Another commonality is the recurring elements that are played with, including power (exchanging it, taking it, and/or giving it up), the mind (psychology), and sensations (using or depriving use of the senses and working with the chemicals released by the body when pain and/or intense sensation are experienced) (Pawlowski,  2009) In the song SM, Rihanna plays with the media in a way that depicts her first as an object for study. However, she is able to conquer the power from the journalists through BDSM. Edwards (1993) takes the concept of a beauty ideal one step further and contends that the black women featured in music videos exemplify physical characteristics of the tragic mulatto. Many of the black women featured in music videos depict a Westernized beauty ideal of lighter skin, long hair, and blue or green eyes. Previous research findings show that color tone could have some influence in the way a celebrity is perceived and is able to appeal to their audience. People attribute higher status and grant more power and wealth to people of one complexion, typically light skin, within the groups designated as non-white (Hunter 2011) Charles (2009a) suggests that hegemonic representations of white skin are thoroughly rooted in multiple social institutions including education, religion, mass media, and popular culture where images of white beauty do not simply rely on white women with blonde hair and light eyes to sell products. Rihanna uses her body to sell her image, through displaying her femininity recognizable through, for example, edgy clothing that combines frilly, pretty femininity with a masculine style and garments that suggest a more porn-inspired raunch (Levy, 2005). celebrity culture, through the pop musicians (Baker, 2004), provides a rich source of meanings around sexuality. These meanings appear to be heavily saturated by raunchy (see Levy, 2005) representations in music videos where body revealing clothing is accompanied by acts of sexual simulation, self-touching, sexual poses and so on (Jackson, Vares Gill, 2012). She has been able to promote her own personal brand through social networking skills using platforms like twitter, instagram, as well as her uniqueness in her hairstyles, fashion sense, lyrics and attitude. While a good brand elicits thoughts, a great brand elicits feelings. She has been able to create emotional friendships with her fans whom she calls the Rihanna Navy through her social network sites publicizing personal events such as the death of her grandmother whom she called grand gran Dolly. Rihanna has also been able to establish with time an archetype for her brand personality and story. This is in her on camera character as a defiant hardcore girl. This image can be seen in latest albums such as Good girl gone bad, Rated R and Unapologetic. Rihanna has been able to set herself as a brand using her fashion sense, being endorsed by brands such as Armani, Nivea, Oprah, Nike and Clinique increasing her social capital. Her diversity in the brands she promotes suggests her success as a star. However, When celebrities endorse a particular product, the public is more likely to believe in its effectiveness and purchase the product, and when a celebrity particularly endorses a skin-lightening product, they are also endorsing the act of skin-lightening itself, suggesting that their own beauty is attainable and that skin-lightening is a mainstream, culturally acceptable act (Hunter,2011). McCracken (1989 cited in Grace Phang ;4) states that a consumer sees a celebrity endorsing a product and they recognize the essential similarity between the message, product, and celebrity and transfers the meanings of that celebrity to the product simply because Celebrities play roles where their image carries the meanings of those roles. All above factors mentioned have helped her build an identity as a celebrity. However, her Caribbean beats and looks had been around for a while and to succeed as a star she had to undergo a massive change. The duet with Justin Timberlake saw her morph from the girl dancing to Pon De Replay to the woman that invoked desire. This metamorphism in character and identity expanded her fan base. Her identity did not just change with her choice of songs but also her wardrobe. She cut her hair short and dyed it black which also grew a series of metamorphism where it went from cheek length to just one side long the other remaining short, to being boyishly short and finally red. This cutting of her hair was not just fashion sense speaking but she was communicating to an audience. Rihanna has been able to express herself in a variety of ways especially through her dress code, most notably her hairstyles. However, this is a mere strategy to sell her image, as it is a constructed image that the audience associates with her. As observed, all music or movie stars are a mere construction, they are a source of capital for record companies that own them. (Wall,2003;153). A lot of money is invested in Rihanna as the brand, therefore, developing and publicizing her star image is not just to sell individual records as people always need something new to keep them interested but as a brand or commodity (Wall,2003; 154). This practice involves ongoing maintenance of a fan base, performed intimacy, authenticity and access, and construction of a consumable persona. popularity is maintained through ongoing fan management; and self-presentation is carefully constructed to be consumed by others.

Analysis of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)

Analysis of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) The Geography of European Integration: Economy, Society and Institutions Kourdoumpalou Panagiota Which of the following two sentences is more likely to be correct in your opinion? Present at least two arguments to support your opinion. The establishment of a common monetary union in the EU was a successful step towards deeper European integration. The idea of a common monetary union in EU didn’t take under consideration all the economic aspects resulting in its failure a few years later. Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) represents a major step in the integration of EU economies. It involves the coordination of economic and fiscal policies, a common monetary policy, and a common currency, the euro. The 28 EU Member States take part in the economic union, but some countries have taken integration further and adopted the euro. The decision to form an Economic and Monetary Union was taken by the European Council in Maastricht in December 1991, and was later enshrined in the Treaty on European Union. The Economic and Monetary Union helps the EU in its process of economic integration. Economic integration brings the benefits of greater size, internal efficiency and robustness to the EU economy as a whole and to the economies of the individual Member States. This offers opportunities for economic stability, higher growth and more employment. On January, 1999, 11 of the 115 European Union (EU) countries formed the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), adopting the euro as their common currency. Since then, in the Eurozone, the European Central Bank carries out a common monetary policy and, to a high degree, bond markets are fully integrated ( European Commission). The creation of the Eurozone was preceded by a gradual regulatory harmonization among European stock markets and the ending of various restrictions on nonresidents, and also by an effort among EU countries to satisfy the Maastricht criteria for joining the Eurozone. The effort to satisfy the Maastricht criteria also led to betterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ balanced fiscal budgets, which may have led to a â€Å"real convergence† of European economies, that is, an increased synchronization in business cycles across the European economies (Julian Alworth, Giampaolo Arachi, 2008). The introduction of the euro had many advantages. It improved transparency, it standardized the pricing in financial markets, and reduced investors transaction and information costs. Finally, the introduction of a single currency eliminated the currency risk within the EU and reduced the overall exchange rate exposure of European stocks. This factor, together with the nominal and real convergence, should have led to more homogeneous valuations of equities in EMU countries (Gikas A. Hardouvelis, Dimitrios Malliaropulosa, Richard Priestleyd, 2007). One way to evaluate if European stock markets became more integrated during the 1990s is to examine the evolution of the relative influence of EU. When stock markets are partially integrated, both global and local risk factors are priced. There is a possibility of estimating a conditional asset pricing model with a timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ varying degree of integration, which measures the importance of EU, wide market and currency risks which are relative to countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ specific risk (Gikas A. Hardouvelis, Dimitrios Malliaropulosa, Richard Priestleyd, 2007). Each Eurozone country has its own timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ varying degree of stock market integration. The degree of integration is bounded between zero and unity and conditioned on a broad set of monetary, currency, and business cycle variables. These variables estimate the gradual nominal and real convergence of the European economies during the preà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ monetary union period. Among the included variables, the most prominent one is each countrys forward interest rate differential with Germany which was widely used by market analysts as an indicator of the probability that an EU country would eventually manage to join the Eurozone. In the second half of the 1990s, the degree of integration gradually increased to the point where individual Eurozone country stock markets appear to be fully integrated into the EU market. There have been two main factors that driven the increase in the level of integration: the evolution of the probability of joining the single currency and the evolu tion of inflation differentials (Gikas A. Hardouvelis, Dimitrios Malliaropulosa, Richard Priestleyd, 2007). Moreover, economic integration resulted in businessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ cycle convergence. Crossà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ country return correlations and business cycles are related. Monetary and fiscal policy coordination may have led to increased synchronization of business cycles among EMU member countries, which could have led to increased correlation of expected corporate earnings and more homogeneous estimates of European equities (Gikas A. Hardouvelis, Dimitrios Malliaropulosa, Richard Priestleyd, 2007). In the 1990s there is a process of increased integration of European stock markets to the prospects of the formation of EMU and the adoption of the euro as the single currency. During the 1990s, the degree of integration of each countrys stock market with the EU market was negatively related to both its forward interest rate differential with Germany and its inflation differential with the best three performing countries. Also, the inflation differential was a major indicator of whether a country with a high inflation had the ability to achieve nominal convergence and satisfy a major criterion for admittance into the Eurozone. The process of integration was not easy, but in the second half of the 1990s, stock markets converged toward full integration. In other words, their expected returns became increasingly determined by EUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ wide market risk and less by local risk (Gikas A. Hardouvelis, Dimitrios Malliaropulosa, Richard Priestleyd, 2007) Concluding, supporting evidence on the hypothesis that the prospect of EMU was the cause behind the observed increase in stock market integration among Eurozone countries comes from two main sources. First, when we observe the experience in the United Kingdom, an EU country that chose not to join the Eurozone, is clearly different than the rest of the European stock markets. The UK market showed no signs of increased integration with the EU stock market. Second, the integration in Europe appears to be a Eurozoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ specific phenomenon, which does not rely on possible simultaneous worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ market integration. So, now it can be said that the establishment of a common monetary union in the EU was a successful step towards the European integration. It is obvious that the process of integration was not easy, but there was a convergence of the stock markets towards full integration. In other words, their expected returns became increasingly determined by EUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬  wide market risk and less by local risk. References European Commission, Economic and Monetary Union. [online] Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/emu/index_en.htm Gikas A. Hardouvelis, Dimitrios Malliaropulosa, Richard Priestleyd, (2007). The impact of EMU on the equity cost of capital. Journal of International Money and Finance Julian Alworth, Giampaolo Arachi, (2008). Taxation policy in EMU, Economic Papers 310 1

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Miranda Grey and Frederick Clegg from The Collector by John Fowles Essa

Miranda Grey and Frederick Clegg from The Collector by John Fowles Miranda Grey and Frederick Clegg are the main characters that are interpreted in the text The Collector, by John Fowles. Both characters correspond to different classes in society. John Fowles uses the concept of the implied reader, in which he 'speaks to' a specific reader in mind in an attempt to have the story interpreted in a particular way. Fowles expects us to read Miranda as an intelligent, mentally independent being part of the upper class, but at the same time, an arrogant "liberal humanist snob" (Radhakrishna Rao, www.freshlimesoda.com/reviews/thecollector.html). The use and lack of several literary techniques, point of view, allusion, and Heraclitian philosophies encourages this intended response I hold towards Miranda. Fowles' various writing techniques promoted the interpretation that Clegg is part of the lower class and as a result is a victim of the mind, unable to expand his thoughts or feelings. It is because of this that he finds it hard to see between what is morally correct, and what is not accepted. I found it difficult to respond to his character due to the fact that the protagonist in most novels is one easy to identify with, unlike the motives of Frederick Clegg. Fowles' uses several literary techniques to enhance the proposed analysis of Clegg. The first insights to Clegg's mental restrictions are revealed as early as the first page. However, "Instead of accepting everything that Clegg says at face value we must question it" (The Collector: Wizard Study Notes pg. 11), and that is exactly how Fowles intends it. Clegg portrays his information as an informal account of events, perhaps similar to a description of hi... ...n emotionally, which encouraged part of my response to be out of compassion. Fowles intends for us to question both characters and has succeeded in doing so. BIBLIOGRAPHY ============ Class handouts, The Collector: Wizard Study Notes, 1992, Wizard Book, Victoria. --------------------------------------------------------------------- Moon, Brian. 1992, Literary Terms: A Practical Glossary 2nd Edition, Chalkface Press, Perth. -------------------------------------------------------------------- "John Fowles': The Collector" 1999, Pegasos, [online] Available: www.kirjasto.sci.fi/jfowles.html "The Collector", Fresh Lime Soda Books [online]. Available: www.freshlimesoda.com/reviews/thecollector.html Radhakrishna Rao "The Collector by John Fowles", 2003, Green Man Review, [online] Available: www.greenmanreview.com/book/book_fowles_collector.html

Friday, July 19, 2019

SUblime Songs :: essays research papers

40 oz. to Freedom '89 Vision 100 Wieght of Collie Weed =5446 (That's My Number) Adult Books Ain't No Prophet =All You Need Babylon Stone =Badfish Ball & Chain The Ballad of Johnny Butt =Big Salty Tears =Boss D.J. Brand New Day =Burritos =Caress Me Down Chica Mi Tipo Chick On My Tip =Cisco Kid Crazy Fools D.J.'s Daccau Cabana The Dance Can't Go On (Without the D.J.) =Date Rape Dr. Woo Doin' Time Doin' Time (Acapella) Doin' Time (Bradley Version) Doin' Time (Eerie Splendor Remix) Doin' Time (Instrumental) Doin' Time (Marshall Arts Remix) Doin' Time (Pharcyde Acapella Remix) =Doin' Time (Snoop Dogg Remix) Doin' Time (Uptown Dub) Doin' Time (Wyclef Instrumental Remix) =Doin' Time (Wyclef Remix) Don't Push Don't Push (Original) Don't Push (Robbin' Remix) Drunk Drivin' Dub Medly II (From Sinsemilla '86 - '96) Ebin Eireen Eye of Fatima =Falling Idols Fighting Blindly Foreman Freestyle =Free Loop Dub Freestyle (From Sinsemilla '86 - '96) =Freeway Time in L.A. County Jail =Garden Grove Get Ready =Get Out! =Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Extended Ground Zero Guava Jelly Had a DAT Hope =I Don't Care Too Much For Reggae Dub I Don't Pay Attention I Love My Dog It's Who You Know Jailhouse Judge Not KRS-One Legal Dub =Let's Go Get Stoned =Lincoln Highway Dub Little District =Live at E's Loser Lou Dog Went to the Moon Make a Decision ('89 Vision New Version) =Mary Minor Threat =New Realization =New Song New Thrash One Cup of Coffee Paddle Out Pass Me the Lazerbeam =Pawn Shop Pay to Cum Perfect World =Pool Shark =Q-Ball =Raleigh Soliloquy Pt. I =Raleigh Soliloquy Pt. II =Raleigh Soliloquy Pt. III Redemption Song Right Back =Rivers of Babylon Romantic Girl =Romeo Roots of Creation =S.T.P. (Secret Tweeker Pad) =Same in the End Same in the End (Extra Take) =Santeria =Saw Red =Saw Red (Acoustic) Saw Red Bandelero Scarlet Begonias Seed Slow Ride =Smoke Two Joints

Thursday, July 18, 2019

Individualism and Collectivism Culture Theories Essay -- Culture

Individualism and Collectivism are two accepted theories that are commonly used when dealing with one’s culture and political views. According to Kemmelmeier, H. M. and Coon, Individualism and Collectivism concepts has been used to â€Å"depict, clarify, and envision divergence in people’s opinion, behavior, principles, attribution, self perception, socialization, and communication.† Nonetheless, individualism and collectivism has shared some mutual views as well as incongruous stances on humanity, the disposition of human beings, the affiliation of society and the characteristics of people in the individualistic culture. Individualism and Collectivism have shared common goals, nevertheless they agrees on what should be achieve, but their opinion differ in how we should attain what needs to be achieved. Many philosophers has pinpointed a difference in these two theories explaining that â€Å"societies can be contrasted along an individualistic-collectivistic a xis, with those toward the individualistic end emphasizing the â€Å"I† and those toward the other end emphasizing the â€Å"we† in thinking about, evaluating, and enacting communicative conducting.† Individualism has been associated with the I- identity and collectivism being associated with the We- identity. In using these pronouns as identification it speaks volume as what each theory is about. The individualism or the I-identity has been categorize as persons that place emphasis on themselves or their immediate family, it has been evident that certain countries has put this identity into practice such as The United States of America, Australia, France, and Canada. Individualist centralize their lifestyles surrounds self actualization and individual achievement; they believe in equality bu... ...fstede, G. (2009, June). Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (Unit 17, Chapter 14).  ©International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology. Donal Carbaugh, Intercultural Theory [on-line] Available from http://eco.ittralee.ie/personal/theories_III.php#1; Internet. Lustig, Myron and Jolene Koester. 1998. Intercultural Competence: Interpersonal Communication Across Cultures (3rd Ed.). (Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1998), 30. Coon, H.M. & Kemmelmeier M. (2001) Cultural orientation in the United States. (re) examining differences among ethnic groups. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology 32, 348-364 Stella Ting-Toomey. (2005). The matrix of Face: An Updated Face-Negotiation Theory,† in William Gudykunst, Ed., Theorizing about intercultural communication. Sage Publications. 71-92.

James Watt Biography

James Watt is one of the most acclaimed personalities in physics. His work became a helpful contribution during the Industrial Revolution, which later became the bedrock of innovation in machineries. He is popularly accredited for his invention of the steam engine. In fact he modified the engine of Thomas Newcomen to the extent that it became a practical, efficient machine capable of application to a variety of industrial tasks. Watt's engine focused on the conversion of heat to mechanical work. It helped improve the understanding on the efficiency of heat engines which led to the development of the field of physics called thermodynamics. http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/James_Watt) James Watt was born in Greenock, Scotland on January 19, 1736 to a chandler and joiner. Throughout his life he suffered serious attacks of migraines and toothaches,and at school both his peers and teachers took a poor view of this weakness. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000) He was a thin and weakly child. At grammar school, he fell in love with mathematics, but the recurrent attacks of migraine led him to stop going to school, so he devoted his time working in his father's workshop instead. Watt felt happy with working in his father's workshop so much that he did not go back to school. Watt learned carpentry from his father. His father primarily worked in shipbuilding and he taught Watt on how to build ships and crafts. Soon, Watt developed great skill in ship navigation, quadrants, telescopes, and compasses, and by his mid-teens he wanted to become an instrument maker. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000) His father was supportive of him. Unfortunately, there was no opportunity for Watt to train in making instruments in Greenock because there were no instrument-makers there, so on advice, Watt went to Glasgow, Scotland in 1754, in an attempt to become an apprentice in instrument making. In Glasgow, he worked with an optician and worked as an odd-job man for a year. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000) In Glasgow, Watt became acquainted with a scientist named Robert Dick. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) Robert Dick, a university scientist, was impressed with Watt's basic skills and knowledge in instrument making that he advised Watt to further hone his skills in this trade in London. In London, Watt discovered that he could not get an apprenticeship because the instrument makers protected their trade by rules of a body known as the Worshipful Company of Clock-makers. The only employment was for fully-trained instrument makers or trainees serving seven-year apprenticeships. Eventually, he was able to secure a position through unusual conditions. John Morgan, an instrument maker in London, set aside the rules and took him in to be his apprentice on the condition that Watt would be given only a meager salary. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) With John Morgan, Watt learned the skills of instrument-making. John Morgan was impressed with Watt that he agreed to shorten the period of apprenticeship from the required period of seven-years to a period of one year. Watt took the offer in 1755. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) Watt worked with vigor and passion. He was so devoted with his goal to be an instument-maker that he spent much of his time working and learning the art of instrument-making. During the period of his apprenticeship with John Morgan, Watt was able to surpass the skills of the official apprentice who was already working there for two years. He was so dedicated with his job that he worked 10 hours a day. After hours, he worked for a small amount of cash because the wage he received as an apprentice was not enough. Porter, Ogilve, 2000) Watt's health deteriorated because he spent long hours working with only a small amount of food. During this time, Britain was at war with France, and the military would force into service any able-bodied men. Watt avoided the streets for this reason and this contributed to the further deterioration of his health. Yet he persevered and was able to finish his apprentice ship until illness forced him to return to Greenock in 1756. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) After recovery, he set up a business as an instrument maker in Glasgow, but found that the other instrument makers shunned his credentials and training. However, the university professors recognized his abilities and encouraged him to work in the university. They agreed for Watt to set up a shop within its grounds and they created the position, â€Å"Mathematical Instrument Maker to the University. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) In 1757, he worked in Glasgow University where he proudly described himself as â€Å"Instrument Maker to Glasgow University. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000) It was in this period that he developed the steam engine. During the Industrial Revolution in the years 1760 to 1830, the economy of most part of Europe changed and the progress of developing technology accelerated. Technology was at the core of everything. The period was overflowing with engineers, mechanics, millwrights, and dexterous and imaginative tinkers who spent their time and energy designing better pumps, pulleys, pendulums, and other simple machines. It was at this time that the most famous invention during the Industrial Revolution was invented: the steam engine. (http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/James_Watt) The first steam engine prototype was built by a Frenchman named Denis Papin, but the first useful atmospheric steam engine was built in 1712 by a Cornish mechanic named Thomas Newcomen. Newcomen's invention was used in Britain for almost half a century. The machine, however, was noisy and it used too much fuel. (www. us. oup. com/us/pdf/economic. history/industrial. pdf) One day in 1763, Professor John Anderson, a professor in the university, approached James Watt and showed him a lab-scale model of the Newcomen pump to investigate why the model required so much steam. The model would stall after a few pumps. The machine proved to be temperamental and difficult to operate without air entering the cylinder and destroying the vacuum. He required Watt to repair the engine. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) Watt set on to investigate the problem. He discovered that the flaw was due to an undersized boiler that could not provide enough steam to reheat the cylinder after a few strokes. Aside from that, the Newcomen engine was inefficient, slow, and too costly. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000) The Newcomen pumps required such vast quantities of steam since they were cooled during every stroke, then reheated. The steam in the cylinder was condensed by a jet of water, thus creating a vacuum that, in turn, was filled during the power stroke by the atmosphere pressing the piston to the bottom of the cylinder. On each stroke the cylinder was heated by the steam and cooled by the injected water, thus absorbing a tremendous amount of heat. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000) Watt needed a way to condense the steam without cooling the cylinder. The idea did not come to him overnight, it took him months to arrange his plans and to experiment. However, it was during one of his Sunday afternoon walks when the inspiration got to him. Watt later described the moment of inspiration: â€Å"I had gone to take a walk on a fine Sabbath afternoon, early in 1765. I had entered the green by the gate at the foot of Charlotte Street and had passed the old washing-house. I was thinking upon the engine at the time, and had gone as far as the herd's house, when the idea came into my mind that as steam was an elastic body it would rush into a vacuum, and if a communication were made between the cylinder and an exhausted vessel it would rush into it, and might be there condensed without cooling the cylinder. I then saw that I must get rid of the condensed steam and injection-water if I used a jet as in Newcomen's engine. Two ways of doing this occurred to me. First, the water might be run off by a descending pipe, if an offlet could be got at the depth of thirty-five or thirty-six feet, and any air might be extracted by a small pump. The second was to make the pump large enough to extract both water and air. . . . I had not walked farther than the golf-house when the whole thing was arranged in my mind. † (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) Watt was able to solve the problem of the Newcomen engine. He made a separate condenser, with this, he could keep the cylinder hot, and the condenser fairly cold by lagging, thus improving the thermal efficiency of the machine and the economics of its operation. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000) He introduced a number of famous improvements to the steam engine until he was able to effectively make a different model, such as a separate condenser, the principle of double-acting expansion, improved gears, and regulators. Watt turned steam power from an atmospheric pump to a true steam engine. www. us. oup. com/us/pdf/economic. history/industrial. pdf) Watt's University friends introduced him to John Roebuck, an industrialist who held leases on coal deposits. Roebuck agreed to back the development of a full-scale engine after he saw the model work. He would finance the development of the engine. Watt developed a full-scale model which Roebuck used in his coal mine. However, the progress in developi ng the engine was slow because Roebuck did not employ machinists who were competent enough to do the job. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) In 1767, Watt traveled to England to acquire a patent for his engine with his Roebuck. The patent was granted in 1769. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) On his way to Scotland, he met Matthew Boulton. Boulton was a major manufacturer in Birmingham and had the financial capacity to exploit Watt's engine. Eventually, Boulton was able to buy out Roebuck and he began manufacturing the engine. Meanwhile, Watt moved to Birmingham and made his living as a canal surveyor from 1767 and 1774. Although he was successful at this, his health suffered, and so he joined Boulton in his shop. Porter, Ogilve, 2000) From 1775, Boulton and Watt formed a partnership. Boulton manufactured Watt's engines at the Soho Foundry, near Birmingham. Boulton hired highly skilled craftsmen who helped them develop the engine. They called the engine, Boulton-Watt engine. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) The engine was then used in mines. The Boulton-Watt engines becam e a success. Pumps were installed in mines and Watt became busy maintaining business at Cornwall mines. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) Over the next several years, Watt introduced further improvements on the design until it became more efficient than its predecessor. He developed a double acting engine. At age 45, Watt developed his next great invention. The invention was the sun and planet gear system. By means of a mechanical linkage known as the ‘parallel motion' and an extra set of valves, the engine was made to drive on both the forward and the background strokes of the piston, and the sun and planet gear system permitted the rotative wheel to turn more than once per stroke of the piston This engine was quickly used by cotton and wooden mills. http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) He was able to acquire the patents of the double-acting engine and the sun and planet gear system in 1781 and 1782. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) Between 1775 and 1790, Watt made other inventions. He invented an automatic centrifugal governor, which cut off the steam when the engi ne began to work too quickly and turned it on again when it had slowed sufficiently. He also devised the steam indicator which shows the steam pressure and degree of vacuum within a cylinder. He also invented a way of copying letters and drawings. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) In 1782 a sawmill ordered an engine that was to replace 12 horses. In determining the price of his steam engines, Watt rated his engines in horsepower. After many experiments, he concluded that a horsepower was equivalent to 15,000kg/33,000 lb raised through 0. 3m/ft each minute. This method of describing the capability of the engine continued until recent years. (http://www. egr. msu. edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio. html) In 1785, Watt was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. During the last decade of the 18th century, the active management of the Soho Works was taken over by Boulton and Watt's sons, and in 1800, when the patent rights to the engine expired, Watt retired from the business but he continued designing and constructing copying machines. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000) Watt died on August 25, 1819 at the age of 83, leaving the legacy of highly useful machines. His original steam engine of 1765 is now in the Science Musem in London. His name has become immortalized as the unit of power; a watt is one joule per second, and one horsepower is equivalent to about 746 watts. (Porter, Ogilve, 2000) References Porter, Roy, Marilyn Ogilvie as consultant editors (2000) The Biographical Dictionary of Scientists 3rd Edition, New York: Oxford University Press http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/James_Watt http://www.egr.msu.edu/~lira/supp/steam/wattbio.html www.us.oup.com/us/pdf/economic.history/industrial.pdf

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Survivors: Conquering the Antarctica Rage

Organizations be in a constant need for a ethical conker virtuoso who rouse rack out to deliver the desired ends and cultivations and in the function create leading among its ranks as well. This is particularly veritable in our beau monde today driven by the change magnitude stress of competitiveness, material needs and wants as well as technological changes, an memorial tablet ceases to persist if it rumpnot gain and train a draw or a carriage in distri notwithstandingively employee.The same is true in the health accusation patience where obligates and former(a) health c argon leave al singlers bind expanded responsibilities and now manages their give birth subordinates in order to deliver the shell practical c argon that drive out be accustomed to patients. Hence, within the framework of developing leaders and managers in every individualistic and hold up by dint of ch completelyenges palmyly, the story of Ernest Shackleton in Shackletons path an d his conquest of the w let onh of Antartica presents a precious lesson in lead, need and concern.Consequently, his saga and heroism is not only contained in the literary and science journals but also in manage manpowert, lead, sociology and psychological science as well. For one, his leadership style and the dash by which he managed his clump of 27 in a two-year ordeal, with every one going home unspoilt is a classic and a unique display of character reference and organizational skills.This written report evaluates Shackletons vogue written by Morell and Capparell (2002) in lieu with his leadership and management style particularly in choosing the indemnify bulk for the job, creating camaraderie among the congregation, developing the strengths and overcoming the weaknesses of the individuals and forming crowds to suppress obstacles and creating leaders in the process. Particularly, an analysis of Shackletons leadership style, communication strategy, use of police squad management, battle resolution and change innovation are explored in lieu with the ability of the square crew to survive through the challenges of their Antarctica trip.This physical composition argues that meeting the desired goals/objectives of a radical entails the commitment, the knowledge, skills and the positive attitude of individuals as tell by a good leader. Shackletons Way Summary and Analysis Morrell and Capparell (2002) presented the plight of Shackletons Way in this scenario captured by the internal-combustion engine of Antarctica for two years with twenty (27) men in tow and very limit resources including gas, food, medicine and other resources, how pot one man bargain to save their lives when talks with their captor is im possible?Morell and Capparell (2002) trace how the with child(p) Ernest Shackleton had turned this tragedy into a navigate that became a legend. In the first part of the book, the authors traced the character and leadership style o f Shackleton amidst the rat race in the corporate world, he worked with respectful competitiveness and turned his wild experiences and weaknesses into lessons to cause him a better person. Morrell and Capparell (2002) presented that the character that Shackleton would show in his voyage was wrought through his childhood years and were wise to(p) from his family.For instance, his exposure to different cultures made him watch the diversity of deal and in nurture different attitudes, behaviors and priorities. In succeeding chapters, we regain Shackleton discerning the value of hiring the right people for the job. With his eye for optimism and talent, he gave the best renumeration possible to people he thought are the best in the job among those whom he interviewed. Knowing fully well that his people are competent, he abolished the traditional plumb hierarchy in organizations and instead created group management in order to make the crew realize their value in the whole exped ition and the organization.This allowed him to perplex the best work through with(p) by separately individual- making them realize their value and large(p) them importance through one-on-one talks. finished optimism and confidence, Shackleton was able to guide his people to the goal that he had laid d experience to obtain and resolving involutions with saveice and impartiality. More importantly, his team management and implementation of group kinetics- grant teams, balancing them and ensuring that their tasks are proportional with their capabilities had been fine in their success.Further more than, Shackleton in the process created leaders among his crew. After the expedition, he provided an inworthful cleverness to the group and how society can advance through his ways can subdued be applied today. As indicated, the primary election election strength of the book is how it provided the reader with a step-by-step account of how Shackletons leadership was developed- in cluding his face-to-face history and extending into his business ventures and the Antarctic voyage. turn several books take hold already provided us an account of Shackleton, no book has explored it utilize the leadership and management literature as much as how Morrell and Capparell (2002) traced and retraced the steps undertaken by Shackleton in succeeding Antarctica. For instance, in ground of Shackletons leadership style, the authors started from his innate capacities as a leader and how he valued the process of recruitment apply unique methods to agree character and in creating a group dynamics that allows for his talented crew members to provide their return.His leadership style is therefore egalitarian and he can be considered as a charismatic leader. Morrell and Capparell (2002) devoted a lengthy and informative showcase of how Shackleton can be considered as such(prenominal)- with confidence and optimism, he was able to facilitate and regroup his crew to attain the maximum possible output that he wants to attain. This was done first by showing them the overall picture and kettle of fish each crew from that plan. By doing so, Shackleton and the authors actuate the crew and showed how their plan will not work without one member.How could he submit created such group coherence in the middle of so much battle? The primary tool as competently shown by the book is the manner by which Shackleton communicates with each crew member. He opted to break conflict through one-on-one discussions and through constructive conflict resolution. By essay to look for solutions instead of blaming, he was shown by the authors to be a good conflict negotiator. On this note, the authors have succeeded in showing the readers how communication can be done.In terms of team management, his group dynamics were clearly illlustrated by Morrell and Capparell (2002) when they examined how Shackleton divided his group into two- leaving 22 of his men in an island and ca rry the others to find food. Choosing the ones who would be odd behind due to illness and channeling the ones who can best deliver the goods showed how Shackleton maximizes their resources as well as in well-read who can best do the job. As a change innovator, Morrell and Capparell (2002) in the last mentioned part of the book had showcased how the crew members became leaders in their own right later on learning from Shackleton.Primarily, the strength of the book is that it can serve as an informative as well as an academic resource for all organizations. Second, the manner by which the narratives were fix together to fit how leadership is through Shackletons way makes the readers appreciate the value of leadership and of the organization. Finally, the book is entertaining enough to be read and understoob by a entire range of audience. On the other hand, the books primary weakness is its inability to provide comparisons with other legendary leaders. This could have habituate d the readers the accident to compare the leadership style of Shackleton with others.Consequently, in todays modern organization, the lack of connection and the hear to apply it amidst workers of today seems to be missing. moment and Application to Nursing and Health address Practice Leadership is universal in nature- regardless of the organization and its needs, leaders have common characteristics that make them effective. In the health mission organization, leadership is no longer the rigorously vertical hierarchy- more and more freedom is given to nurses and other practitioners. For one, the emergence of positions such as authorise Vocational Nursing, Licensed Practical Nursing, Nursing Assistants, etc. ompels nurses to develop their own leadership styles. For instance, as a provider of care to patients, the nurse delegates tasks, supervises their subordinates, reports to their superiors as well as plan the care of the patient to reach the goals of care. Therefore, gone ar e the days when nurses are dependent on their physicians for their actions. Similar to the experiences of Shackleton, nurses and health care practitioners can gain important insights on how team management can be organized in order to provide unbroken patient care.In nursing for instance, nurses working in functional system where each shift would have a nurse and allied professionals, the ability to coordinate, collaborate, negotiate with the team, portion out resources to ensure that all patients are given care, and pursue both short-term and long-term goals are now the roles of nurses. Consequently, nurses are considered to be the primary caretaker among health care professionals because they are the ones who are with the patients most of time. Therefore, nurses serve as advocates to physicians and other health care professionals.In doing so, the lack of leadership of nurses can lead to inadequate provision of care. Accordingly, Shackleton provided a valuable lesson on how nu rses can rise up to the ranks to be head nurses, supervisors and even administrators in the same way that Shackletons crew became successful managers and leaders. For one, as shown in the book, a leader becomes a follower first. Leading without knowing how to follow is disastrous. This is because the value of respect as shown through good communication and motivation can only be shown by someone who had been through the process of following.Thus, tour there are innate qualities for leadership, it is passing developed. Consequently, strength of character particularly confidence, optimism and obstinacy which were essential qualities in the success of Shackleton are important qualities for nurses- not only in direct patient care but also in managing other staff nurses. Essentially, Shackletons Way provides an insightful manner by which leadership is connected to character and how it can be honed in an organization.For health care practitioners and nurses, this book provides a vivid and plenary display on how leaders are made and how they handle people. Ethical, Political and accessible Consequences of Shackletons Way While outlying(prenominal) from being the best leader in the literature, Shackletons Way was able to impart the simpleness of how leadership can be done that is showing compassion to your people and your goals, as well as respecting the rights of each individual. In doing so, one becomes an ethical leader and in the process, gains the respect of their members.For one, it could have been easy for Shackleton to reverse his crew and save himself or just bring the strongest ones to help him escape Antarctica. However, he worked in a way that would bring the best in every individual and in the process save them all. In present organizations, we see leaders and managers using people for their own advancement. It is common that those in the top positions use politics to get beforehand. This is also true in our society- whether the political scienc e or in private sectors. It is most impossible to say that one got ahead without stepping on anothers shoe.However, the ethics and politics of leadership in Shackletons Way believed and showed otherwise. For one, we see the excogitation of Shackleton- it is ethically and morally sound for all of them to survive regardless if he risks his own life in doing so. Even in the healthcare industry and particularly in politics, turn coating and saving ones own face has been very common- to a extremum where the youth regards it as the status quo. However, Shackletons Way proved that leaders in each organization can choose the harder and more complicated way but one that is just, humane and effective.

Tuesday, July 16, 2019

DEVELOPING STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP SKILLS Essay

DEVELOPING STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP SKILLS Essay

Leadership is rather different.There are interconnection between leaders and managers. Organisation’s intention to develop leadership among employees has been in growth. It is because they realised the potentials of public good leaders. Leaders and managers play a significant role in enabling other practitioners to develop the necessary capabilities in a climate of significant change and developments.Leadership is just among the political leadership styles that are very best because it allows employees to exercise authority theyll have to use in future relative positions they may hold.Myth asserts that people simply either have certain charismatic qualities or not. That’s nonsense; in fact, the opposite is true. Leaders are made rather than born.†Ã¢â‚¬â€Warren G.

Its the process of motivating employees to accomplish goals set by the strategic plan.Rapid economic changes pose new opportunities and threats. Leaders are supposed to white face those situations. â€Å"For managers the world keeps changing. It changes from hour to hour, day to day and week to week.Leadership contains a responsibility to the groups welfare.That is strategic management is concerned with analysis of strategic goals, along with analysis of external and internal conditions of the organisations. Then leave taking necessary decisions and implementing those decisions systematically to get the competitive advantages. Strategic management, popularized during 1980s. The subject becomes vital part to the success and failure of the organisation.

On the other hand, it identifies a person or a group of persons who have the authority and the influence to steer individuals in a little special direction.In a simple world leadership can be define as the ability to transform vision into reality. Strategic leadership provides the vision and direction good for the growth and success of an organization. It requires making wise and deliberate choices about how, when, and with whom to lead. A good manager is now by definition a leader.Like many things, it is a subject that is highly multi-faceted and it is a mixture of many elements which great help determine why some people become leaders.Jack Welch, he worked magic at GE in the 1990s. Lou Gerstner, the brain behind the successful turnaround of IBM. Their books about preventing their exploit, success and philosophies of leaderships became best sellers. 1.

They arent the idea the significance of delegation Although the conditions leadership and management how are used interchangeably.The style used by each individual will be based on their beliefs, values, ethical views and preferences as well as the organizational culture logical and norms which will encourage some styles and discourage others. 1. Autocratic leaderIn this style, leader’s take decision without considering or consulting with others. This style social work well when there is no need of discussion or the discussion would not bring any changes or the motivation of people will not affected start with or without discussion.Without them, leaders cannot meet their entire potential.3. Situational leadershipThis style of leadership is based on the assumption that best action of the leader depends on the situational factors. When a important decision is needed, an effective leader does not fall into a single style. 4.

They will need to clarify their vision he said.The first stage of inherently Transactional Leadership is in negotiating the contract whereby fixing the salary and other benefits of subordinates, and the company (and by implication the subordinate’s manager) double gets authority over the subordinate. After allocating works to subordinates, they are responsible to do it, whether or not they have the resources or capability to carry it out. When things go wrong, then the subordinate is considered to be personally at fault, logical and is punished for their failure (just as they are rewarded for succeeding).5.Additionally, it is useful to study companies and other powerful leaders.They continuously work to motivate the followers.Decision making best can be affected by leadership style. The key elements of leadership are 1. Understanding their own personality and understanding others 2.

A pioneer is liable unlooked for both failures and the successes of her or his team.They responds to a same situation by different leaders can vary. Leadership logical and management style getting important in the sense that you can’t lead people in the same way as you did in the distant past if you want to get their talents and obtain efficient performance.Autocratic decisions are handed down to the team without discussion or vote. great But that decision is necessary sometimes.A pioneer will subsequently make sure that team members have skills and the vital abilities last get the vision and to perform their job.Leaders, uses democratic style workout that situation well. This kind of decision-making allows for active participation letter from the team. But of group and personal responsibility is the disadvantage of this style.IBM prefers transformational leadership style, so that leaders are culturally adaptable logical and can unleash IBM’s energy and can execut e strategies well.

Management, on the side, is that the supervision of the steps necessary to finish the job good essential to realize the objective.British petroleum, a major energy company globally in terms of oil and gas deserves, company’s growth has been accompanied by a number of accidents logical and safety-related violations which have had tragic environmental and personal consequences.Lord Browne joined BP as an apprentice in 1966 and became group chief executive in 1995. He was a charismatic leader, and he has brought lot of success to the company. But he was forced to resign in 2007 total due to a personal scandal.Management is necessary.Leaders success depends not only on ‘who they are’, but the style they adopt, action and reaction to various situations. None of the leadership style is appropriated in click all situations. Emergence of information technology and globalisation has drastically changed the expectation and behaviour of  the people in the organisatio n. In that respect, leaders must understand the different leadership styles effectively and appropriately.

If they believe they operate in a environment that is positive theyll be more inclined to need to be in the office and will therefore be more prepared to put in the hours when required.Types of team players involved 3. Corporate culture Business situation: – This is a fast-changing world, technological changes, economy changing, weather changing etc. In such a situation a leader cannot lose the sense of changes. Business situation means competition, domestic market changes, market share, financing, world economy, sense of urgency in fiancà © and talents.Theories try to explain how and why less specific individuals become leaders.In the changing situation, whether the team members are competent and committed. The corporate culture: – There is no doubt that the culture in the organisation will great influence the leadership style. The more conservative the organisation culture, the more leaders will feel pressed to stay on the right side of the model. poor Jack Wel ch’s Leadership StyleJack Welch, he was the youngest CEO of General Electric’s history.

Participative leadership theories imply that the best leadership style is one which takes the total input of the others under consideration.Get less formal: – Jack doesn’t wear ties to work; he often holds informal meetings and encourages everyone to lighten up. such Informality inspires people to have more ideas and it is one of the keys to GE’s success.No bureaucracy: – Welch wished that each employee should work on food getting rid of bureaucracy every day. Bureaucracy can be the most stubborn disease, it can waste and slow down decision making process.He tried to eliminate complicated interoffice memos and letters. Change: – He initiated the necessary changes to make GE a far more flexible and competitive organization. He made ‘change’ a part of GE’s shared value.Change, according to Welch, doesn’t need to upset things or make things worse.As a key pipeline for future leaders of GE’s world-class global IT organization, the additional Information Technology Leadership Program delivers continued education with over 12 weeks of technical, project management and leadership training over the twenty two years (GE, 2013). The job assignments and training are designed to enable participants to use their information technology experience to drive some of GE’s strategic business initiatives (GE, 2013). Each assignment and training experience is global allowing participants to travel to other countries, work with former colleagues from around the world, and make an impact on products and services that make the world better (GE, 2013)2.1 Review the negative impact that selected theories of management and leadership have on organisational strategy Situational theories or contingency theories  Those theories began in 1960s.

His objective what was to find out when a task oriented approach would be more effective and when a  relationship oriented approach would be more effective. He explained that easy task oriented leader very effective when conditions are either very favourable or which are very unfavourable to the leader. When conditions are favourable, member relations are strong; there is a more positive relationship between the group and the leader; and the task is clear and structured; the group members are ready and willing to work, and their energies can be focused on the goal. Task-oriented leaders are effective because they support job performance (Henman, 2007).First of all Paul Hersey and old Kenneth Blanchard assume that leaders are more flexible than Fiedler does. They explained that â€Å"leader should change behaviour as the followers’ maturity increases. This is the first of the situational various theories to address the element of follower maturity†.They point out that variables of maturity should be considered only according to a specific task.On the basis of this, they are considered as leaders.Each theory differs slightly. That indicates that there is no one best among all types of style. Successful leader is the one who can adapt to the changes.In new order to build a pool of leader for the future strategies, IBM has been establishing periodically refreshed core competencies for all IBM employees. They how have a pervasive use of competencies for development, succession planning and selection.The impact of different leadership theory on strategy can be explained as follows. good For example let’s consider contingency theory.

Hence effectiveness of strategy can be maintained. In an intermediate situation, relationship oriented style is best. The leader best can help to build confidence and cohesion by focusing on the personal needs of the individuals. That was the approach adopted by old Jack Welch, GE.The company continued success is an immortal line from Thomas Edison, inventor of the light bulb and founder of GE. The direct current CEO of GE is Jeffrey Immelt. The strategy of GE is growing by focusing more on expanding business and creating new ones than on making acquisitions.Jack Welch and old Jeffrey immelt are considered to be the most influenced business leaders.Transformational leadership style is better for GE. They have the story of success using the thk same style. Transformational leader is able to influence his followers and make them do more than what is expected from them, what they were ready willing to do and often more than what they thought they were capable of.Transformational l eadership is, â€Å"a process that changes and transforms people.Transformational leadership is composed of four key elements, influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration.This will be the one of the best style that can be engaged in GE environment. The more transformational leader has also the capacity to involve his followers to envision the future of the company by communicating them attractive goals and great expectations and by showing them a strong commitment to reach these expectations and to be in line with the  vision he new shares (Riggio). Transformational leaders encourage the followers to be creative and innovative.

Transformation leader can take risk, as Jack Welch did in GE.Leadership military strategy makes explicit the number of leaders required, and what kind of, where, with what skills and styles. GE’s corporate strategy is to expand instead of alliances. So they great need thousands of leaders all around the world.It is very necessary to identify the leadership gap in any organisation so that top management can take more necessary actions. Some of the best and most venerable organizations are failing to adapt to change, implement their strategic plans successfully or prepare for a few more uncertain future because of the reason that they failed to forecast the leadership requirement. Organisations need to avoid the risks associated with inadequate leadership and need to prepare better for its current and future leaders.Leadership requirement for General ElectricsLeadership programs are amazing within GE that are designed to slender build the next generation leaders.Profit of GE grows consistently. Company serves customers in more than 100 countries. Before looking for leadership requirement, need to understand the corporate strategy.Leadership first requirement can be planned based on that.They need leaders at various levels. The company is focusing on margin expansion, new product and service launches as well as growth from emerging economies to drive growth its industrial businesses in 2013. Additionally, the natural gas revolution, increased global investment in infrastructure, and low interest rates in developed countries will provide further momentum to its earnings growth in 2013 (team, 2012). These new new strategies hopefully drive them to big success.

A good leader is always prepared for the any kind of challenge. He acts quickly and accurately according to the given situation. We can say that a good leader takes the right decision at the right time. Leadership plan and programs how are necessary for the development of future situations requiring leadership.Those programs are very effective. They need to add more values to those programs. Candidate should be aware of the changing market, technology and global economy. Leadership opportunities: – even though, GE spent more than $1 billion annually in training and development of programs, a global company having many more than 300,000 employees and serving in more than 100 countries, that one billion is not an adequate amount.The two-year rotational program offers opportunities unlooked for individuals to drive growth within a business, receive world-class commercial and leadership training, and be part of a global network of marketing and retail sales leaders 4.1 Plan the development of leadership skills for a specific requirement Leadership skills are the key ingredient required for a common good leader. Some would say key ingredient in management. The basic leadership skills required in most situations are same.Trust is essential in all human relations. Confidence: – it is essential quality for all leaders. Developing self-confidence is the preliminary to becoming a leader. Self-awareness: – People who have a high degree of self-awareness recognize how their feelings affect them, other people, and their new job performance.

Motivation: – it is an important skill required for skills. Only effective leaders can motivate followers. Social skills: – social skill is how necessary to build relations. Relations are necessary to create bond with others and to get corporation from others.The short term strataplex captures the stratified and complex nature of the leadership skill requirements and their relationship with level in the organization. Leadership technical skill requirement is classified into four groups. 1. Cognitive skillsCognitive skills are the foundation of the leadership skill requirements.Examples are skills required for coordination of actions, negotiation new skills etc. 3. Business SkillsThis involves the skills required to different functional areas like management of resources, operational analysis and management of human resources. 4.This best can develop through practices. Doesn’t require talents, but commitment is necessary. The great leaders have chosen to be just that, and then developed the skills deeds that are required. Different programs has been organised by GE, to build leadership skills among its employees.

Experienced program: Human Resource strong Leadership program (HRLP). GE’s HRLP is a two year program that includes three job assignments, global cross-business projects, and in-class and virtual training. 3. Experienced Commercial political Leadership program (ELCP).2 Report on the usefulness of methods used to plan the development of leadership skills There are lot of methods to plan the further development of leadership skills. Different methods are useful in different situations. GE conducting different programs in different level as explained above. Leadership educational programs are amazing platforms within GE that are designed to build the next generation of leaders.Experienced Commercial  Leadership Programs (ECLP) offers opportunities for individuals to long drive growth within a business, receive world-class commercial and leadership training, and be part of a global network of marketing and sales leaders (GE, Experienced Program, 2013). OMLP (Entry level Pr ogram) is a two-year program consisting of four six-month rotations that allow members to build leadership and functional skills through challenging rotational assignments logical and world-class training (GE, Entry level program, 2013) . Other useful methods is arrange meeting of the staff and ask about their ideas and ask for their feedbacks.The personal best method, however, is getting feedback from the staffs.Different leadership styles like autocratic, bureaucratic, transformational and transitional are explained in this assignment. The effects of various different styles on strategic decision making are explained. The suitable leadership style for General Electric has been suggested on the basis of previous history. Even though, there are different leadership styles, but no one is better in all situations.

Different leadership styles and their role are explained.Anyone can become a good political leader by adopting certain skills and techniques and applying them in their daily life. Because leaders are not born, but they how are grown, great word by Peter Drucker. Good leaders know how to use different styles in a balanced way.A leader is a person who provides the blurred vision for the future. Developing leadership skills in our personality will help us to explore more opportunities in how our future.BibliographyClaudel, P. (2011).Trait and behavioural theories of leadership. Michigan. GE. (2013).ge.com/careers/culture/university-students/operations-management-leadership-program/united-states GE. (2013). Entry level program.

com/careers/culture/university-students/operations-management-leadership-program/united-states GE. (2013). Experienced Program. Retrieved 2013, from www.(2013). Experienced Program. Retrieved May 5, 2013, letter from www.ge.Leadership program. Retrieved May 4, 2013, from www.ge.com: http://www.Retrieved May 5, 2013, from www.ge.com: http://www.ge.